What type of process is used to kill pathogenic organisms in water, air, or on surfaces?

The correct answer is disinfection. Disinfection is specifically a process that aims to reduce or eliminate pathogenic organisms in water, air, or on surfaces. This process typically involves the use of chemical agents or physical methods such as heat or UV light to destroy or inactivate harmful microorganisms.

While antiseptics are used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissues, and antimicrobial substances can work against a broad range of organisms, they do not specifically target pathogenic organisms in the same way disinfection does. Decontamination is a broader term that may include cleaning and disinfection processes, but it does not exclusively refer to the killing of pathogens. Understanding these distinctions is crucial in applying the right methods for maintaining hygiene and safety in various environments.